Troubleshooting vacuum operation in an ethylene plant

Troubleshooting vacuum operation of an inter-after condenser unit in an ethylene plant

A system of compressors powered by surface condensing steam turbines is inherent in the operation of a typical ethane cracker unit. These turbines run by extracting work from highpressure steam, while a surface condenser condenses the turbine’s exhaust to both maximize compressor horsepower and recover valuable condensate.

Optimal design and operation of molecular sieve gas dehydration units

Molecular sieve technology is widely used for the simultaneous removal of water and mercaptans from both gas and liquid feed streams. However, a better understanding of the design principles and the operation of molecular sieve units is needed. For economic reasons, it is important not to overdesign the molecular sieve unit. At the same time, it is essential to ensure that the unit does not become the bottleneck of the gas processing plant at the sieve’s end-of-run condition.

Troubleshooting Catalyst Losses In The FCC Unit

Catalyst losses pose a significant challenge in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) industry, and nearly all units have experienced a loss problem at some point in fill rite flow meter. Catalyst losses on the reactor side result in high fines carryover with the products, which can result in the main fractionator being inoperable due to erosion in the slurry circuit or off-specification slurry product.

Calculating Glass Transition Temperature on Polymer

The glass-to-rubber transition temperature [ Tg ], is of special interest in the development of new amorphous polymers because many properties of technological importance show a significant change in magnitude, or in temperature dependence, at this temperature. A method for calculating the Tg, of polymers from a knowledge of the chemical structure alone is therefore of great value in designing new polymers with desired properties and is of considerable theoretical interest. Many previous attempts have been reported, but the relations proposed have been limited in application, though usefully descriptive of specific polymer systems.

Filler and its effect as polymer additves

The term fillers refers to solid polymer additives, which are incorporated into the plastic matrix.

They are generally inorganic materials and can be classified according to their effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting mixture. Inert or extender fillers are added mainly to reduce the cost of the compound, whereas reinforcing fillers are added to improve certain mechanical properties such as modulus or tensile strength.

Although termed inert, inert fillers can nonetheless affect other properties of the compound besides cost. In particular, they may increase the density of the compound, reduce the shrinkage, increase the hardness, and increase the heat deflection temperature. Reinforcing fillers typically will increase the tensile, compressive, and shear strengths, increase the heat deflection temperature, reduce shrinkage, increase the modulus, and improve the creep behavior.

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Reinforcing fillers improve the properties via several mechanisms.

In some cases, a chemical bond is formed between the filler and the polymer; in other cases, the volume occupied by the filler affects the properties of the thermoplastic. As a result, the surface properties and interaction between the filler and the thermoplastic are of great importance. A number of filler properties govern their behavior, including the particle shape, the particle size and distribution of sizes, and the surface chemistry of the particle. In general, the smaller the particle, the greater the improvement in the mechanical property of interest (such as tensile strength).

Larger particles may give reduced properties compared to the pure thermoplastic. Particle shape can also influence the properties. For example, plate-like particles or fibrous particles may be oriented during processing, resulting in anisotropic properties. The surface chemistry of the particle is also important to promote interaction with the polymer and to allow for good interfacial adhesion. The polymer should wet the particle surface and have good interfacial bonding so as to obtain the best property enhancement. Examples of inert or extender fillers include: china clay (kaolin), talc, and calcium carbonate.

Source :
Plastic Technology Handbook. Newyork Press 1994.
Polymer Handbook 4th edition, Brad-O Relly Publishing, 1996